PVDF membrane bioreactors are considered a effective technology for the treatment of wastewater. This type of reactors utilize a synergy of biological and membrane processes to achieve high levels of purification of pollutants. Several factors affect the performance of PVDF membrane bioreactors, including operational parameters, biomass activity. T

Nanobubbles, intriguing structures with unique physicochemical characteristics, have garnered significant focus in recent times. These microscopic pockets of gas entrapped within a solution exhibit exceptional stability and impact various reactions in diverse domains. Generating and characterizing nanobubbles remains a complex endeavor, requiring a